Pest

Pathways^*

South American country of first record

Primary pathways

Probable pathways of introduction

Ceratitis capitata

Brazil

1, 4

4

Hypothenemus hampei

Brazil

1, 4

4

Grapholita molesta

?

1

?

Diaphorina citri

Brazil

1

4

Xanthomonas axonopodis

Argentina

3, 4

4

Gonipterus scutelattus

Argentina

1

1

Phoracantha semipunctata

?

1, 4

4

Stenodiplosis sorghicola

?

1

?

Erosomyia mangiferae

Brazil

1, 4

4

Clavibacter michiganensis

?

4

4

Opogona sacchari

Brazil

1

4

Ralstonia solanacearum race 2

Venezuela

4

4

Panonychus ulmi

?

3, 4

4

Gonipterus scutellatus

Brazil

1

4

Tuta absoluta

Argentina

1

1

Guignardia citricarpa

Brazil

4

4

Anthonomus grandis

Venezuela

1

1 or 4

Conotrachelus denieri

Argentina or Paraguay

1

1

Xylella fastidiosa

Argentina

2, 4

4

Sirex noctilio

Uruguay

1, 4

4

Bemisia tabaci B biotype

Brazil

1

1 or 4

Cydia pomonella

Chile

1,4

4

Thrips palmi

Venezuela

1

1

Bactrocera carambolae

Suriname

1

1

Dactylopius opuntiae

Brazil

1,4

6

Phyllocnistis citrella

Brazil

1

1

Cinara pinivora

?

1, 4

1

Cinara atlantica

?

1, 4

1

Mycosphaerella fijiensis

Equador

3, 4

4

Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vitícola

?

4

4

Zaprionus indianus

Brazil

1

4

Hyblaea puera

?

1

1

Pineus boeneri

Argentina

1

1

Pissodes castaneum

Chile

1

1